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# AfroStrategy

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## Publications
- [UN General Assembly Backs New World Map Showing Africa’s True Size: Why Representation Matters](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/un-general-assembly-backs-new-world-map-showing-africas-true-size-why-representation-matters/): Africa’s true size is gaining formal recognition at the United Nations after the General Assembly overwhelmingly backed an African-led initiative calling for fairer and more accurate world maps. Beyond correcting a geographical distortion, the decision raises a larger question about how Africa is represented, and how representation can shape perceptions of its place in the world.
- [South Africa Mining Project](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/sought-africa-mining-project/)
- [Chinese President Xi Jinping Visits Egypt to Deepen Strategic Cooperation](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/chinese-president-xi-jinping-visits-egypt-to-deepen-strategic-cooperation/): Chinese President Xi Jinping began a two-day state visit to Egypt on September 1, 2026, as Cairo and Beijing seek to deepen their strategic partnership amid growing economic cooperation and major geopolitical changes across the Middle East.
- [Africa’s New Strategic Geography: Red Sea Competition and Continental Power](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/africa-new-strategic-geography-red-sea/): The Red Sea is increasingly central to African security, trade and geopolitical competition. This analysis examines how ports, external powers and regional rivalries are changing the strategic value of Northeast Africa.
- [Sahel Security After ECOWAS Realignment](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/sahel-security-after-ecowas-realignment/): Political realignment in the Sahel is changing how states cooperate on counterinsurgency, borders and regional institutions. The consequences extend beyond security into trade, diplomacy and external partnerships.
- [Financing Africa’s Energy Transition Without Deepening Debt Vulnerability](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/financing-africa-energy-transition-debt/): African economies need large-scale energy investment but face expensive capital and constrained public balance sheets. This policy analysis considers blended finance, guarantees, domestic capital markets and risk allocation.
- [Building Resilient Food Systems Under Climate Stress](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/building-resilient-food-systems-climate-stress/): Climate shocks are amplifying existing weaknesses in African food systems. Effective policy requires better storage, resilient infrastructure, regional trade and targeted support for vulnerable households.
- [China–Africa Cooperation After the Cairo Summit](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/china-africa-cooperation-after-cairo-summit/): Recent China–Africa diplomacy underscores a shift toward technology, industrial capacity and supply chains. The policy question is whether African states can convert engagement into deeper domestic value creation.
- [Sudan Peace Talks: What the Latest Diplomatic Push Can Realistically Achieve](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/sudan-peace-talks-latest-diplomatic-push/): New diplomatic initiatives may improve humanitarian coordination and reopen political channels, but the conflict’s fragmentation means that a durable settlement will require changes in both military incentives and external support.
- [Critical Minerals and African Industrial Strategy](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/critical-minerals-african-industrial-strategy/): Critical minerals offer African economies an opportunity to negotiate a stronger position in global supply chains. Capturing that value requires power infrastructure, processing capacity, regional coordination and credible industrial policy.
- [The African Continental Free Trade Area: Five Implementation Risks to Watch](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/afcfta-five-implementation-risks/): The AfCFTA’s long-term value will be determined by customs cooperation, logistics, rules of origin, private-sector participation and the ability of smaller economies to compete within regional value chains.
- [Gulf Investment in the Horn of Africa: A Strategic Brief](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/gulf-investment-horn-africa-strategic-brief/): Gulf investment is reshaping the political economy of the Horn of Africa. Ports, agriculture, logistics and security partnerships increasingly operate as part of a wider strategic portfolio.
- [Reforming Sovereign Debt Resolution for African Economies](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/reforming-sovereign-debt-resolution-africa/): Debt restructuring delays impose real economic costs. This policy paper examines creditor coordination, comparability of treatment, domestic debt, multilateral lending and proposals for a more effective sovereign debt architecture.
- [Regional Security Cooperation in the Sahel](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/regional-security-cooperation-sahel/): The fragmentation of regional institutions has weakened collective responses to insecurity. This paper outlines practical options for intelligence sharing, border cooperation, civilian protection and political dialogue.
- [Digital Public Infrastructure and State Capacity in Africa](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/digital-public-infrastructure-state-capacity-africa/): This research paper examines how digital public infrastructure can improve service delivery, tax administration, social protection and financial inclusion while introducing new governance and privacy risks.
- [Development Finance Institutions and Structural Transformation](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/development-finance-institutions-structural-transformation/): Development finance institutions can address long-term financing gaps, but their impact depends on governance, additionality, risk management and alignment with industrial strategy.
- [Port Competition and Maritime Connectivity in East Africa](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/port-competition-maritime-connectivity-east-africa/): This working paper maps port expansion, logistics corridors and strategic competition across East Africa, highlighting implications for trade costs, regional integration and state bargaining power.
- [Islamic Finance and Infrastructure Development in Africa](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/islamic-finance-infrastructure-development-africa/): The paper explores how sovereign and project sukuk, guarantees and development-finance partnerships could support African infrastructure while broadening domestic and international investor participation.
- [West Africa Strategic Outlook 2027](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/west-africa-strategic-outlook-2027/): This regional outlook identifies the political, security and economic trends likely to shape West Africa through 2027, with attention to institutional fragmentation and new regional alignments.
- [Horn of Africa Strategic Outlook 2027](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/horn-africa-strategic-outlook-2027/): The Horn of Africa enters 2027 with intensifying competition over ports, borders, security partnerships and political transitions. This report identifies the key risks and strategic variables to watch.
- [Africa Strategic Outlook 2027](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/africa-strategic-outlook-2027/): AfroStrategy’s flagship outlook brings together the continent’s most consequential trends across security, governance, finance, climate, technology, regional integration and external partnerships.
- [Critical Minerals, Energy Security and Industrial Policy in Africa](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/critical-minerals-energy-security-industrial-policy-africa/): This thematic report examines mineral supply chains, power systems, industrial policy and investment strategies across major African producers in the context of the global energy transition.
- [Elections and Political Transitions: Africa 2026 Review](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/elections-political-transitions-africa-2026-review/): This special report reviews major African elections and political transitions, focusing on legitimacy, institutional performance, civic space and the conditions that strengthen or weaken democratic resilience.
- [Why Africa’s Debt Debate Needs a Growth Strategy](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/africa-debt-debate-needs-growth-strategy/): The debt debate often focuses on borrowing levels while giving too little attention to growth composition, productivity and domestic revenue capacity. A durable solution requires structural transformation.
- [What African Cities Can Learn from Digital Public Services](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/african-cities-digital-public-services/): Cities are experimenting with digital payments, identity systems and service platforms. The strongest models combine technology with administrative reform, interoperability and citizen trust.
- [The Red Sea Is Now an African Strategic Question](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/red-sea-african-strategic-question/): Maritime insecurity and external competition in the Red Sea directly affect African trade, sovereignty and regional stability. Continental policy needs to move beyond treating the corridor as a peripheral issue.
- [Beyond Aid: Rethinking Africa’s Development Partnerships](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/beyond-aid-rethinking-africa-development-partnerships/): The quality of external partnerships depends less on financing labels than on whether they expand productive capacity, technology, market access and domestic institutional capability.
- [Richest Countries in Africa 2026: What “Richest” Really Means in Economic Terms](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/richest-countries-in-africa-2026/): When people search for the richest countries in Africa, they often imagine a simple ranking based on money, skyscrapers, or oil wealth. In economics, however, the word richest countries in Africa has a more precise meaning. It depends on how wealth is measured. A country may have a huge economy in total size, yet millions of citizens still face low incomes. Another country may have a much smaller economy, but a higher standard of living for the average resident.
- [The Academic Relevance of Middle Eastern Studies for African Universities](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/middle-eastern-studies-for-africa/): Middle Eastern studies within African universities, both public and private, have increasing academic, policy, and research significance. Africa and the Middle East share centuries of intertwined and interconnected history, from trans-Saharan trade and Islamic scholarship to modern political and economic cooperation.
- [Beyond the Photo: Prince Harry’s Visit, Angola Landmines, and the Politics of Memory](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/prince-harrys-visit-angola-landmines/): Angola landmines, a deadly legacy of the country's decades-long civil war after independence from Portugal in 1975, were planted by both government forces and rebel groups, particularly UNITA, across the nation's fertile plateaus, transport routes, and farmlands.
- [John Mahama’s Third Term: A New Chapter for Ghana’s Political and Economic Future](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/john-mahamas-third-term-a-new-chapter-for-ghanas-political-and-economic-future/): John Mahama's Third Term marks a defining moment for Ghana, as the seasoned leader returns to power on January 7, 2025, after securing a victory in the 2024 elections. Born on November 29, 1958, Mahama has a long-standing history in Ghanaian politics, having served as Vice President from 2009 to 2012 before ascending to the presidency upon the death of President John Atta Mills.
- [Africa’s 2024 Flashback: Elections, Economy, and Environmental Challenges](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/africas-2024-flashback/): Africa's 2024 Flashback was a pivotal year, marked by political transitions, economic developments, and significant environmental challenges. Across the continent, elections reshaped leadership landscapes, economic reforms gained traction, and environmental resilience efforts took center stage.
- [Chad-France Defense Agreement Ends After 66 Years](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/termination-of-chad-france-defense-agreement/): The abrupt termination of the Chad-France defense agreement—an alliance that spanned six decades—underscores an evolving landscape in African geopolitics. Chad’s decision is not an isolated event but part of a broader movement reshaping relationships between former colonies and their erstwhile rulers. This development brings forward three central themes: the historical context of Chad-France defense cooperation, the motivations behind Chad's bold move, and the broader implications for African sovereignty and security.
- [The Impact of COVID-19 and the Ukraine Crisis on the Economy of Ghana](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/the-economy-of-ghana/): The economy of Ghana has faced significant challenges and transformations due to the combined impact of political decisions and international events. This article explores how these factors have shaped the country's internal economic conditions, focusing particularly on the effects of the coronavirus pandemic and the Ukrainian crisis.
- [Senegal Legislative Elections 2024: A Turning Point for Democracy](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/senegal-legislative-elections-2024/): This piece analyzes Senegal legislative elections 2024, a pivotal moment in the nation’s democratic journey. It examines the implications of the ruling coalition PASTEF’s victory on governance, reform, and political stability, as well as the challenges posed by opposition disunity. Key themes include managing socio-economic issues, ensuring transparency, and fostering accountability. The article highlights the delicate balance needed between bold reforms and democratic norms to shape Senegal’s future as a leader in West African democracy.
- [The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Nuclear Weapons Management and Proliferation](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/artificial-intelligence-in-nuclear-weapons-management/): Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) are reshaping numerous sectors, including international security and the management of nuclear weapons. AI has the potential to transform the monitoring, detection, and control of nuclear weapons, as well as influence their proliferation dynamics.
- [Niger Oil Projects: Military Junta’s Strategy Amid Regional Unrest and Geopolitical Challenges](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/niger-oil-projects/): Niger Oil Projects have taken center stage as the military regime announced on August 6, 2024, its decision to relaunch the National Oil Company (NOC) as an upstream player and revive a connection to the Chad-Cameroon pipeline. This move comes after the suspension of exports through the Niger-Benin Export Pipeline (NBEP), a major blow to Niger's economy.
- [Lifting the Arms Embargo on CAR: A Turning Point for Stability and Growth [2024]](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/lifting-the-arms-embargo-on-car/): Lifting the arms embargo on CAR, the Central African Republic, by the recent unanimous decision of the United Nations Security Council heralds a transformative period for the nation, marking significant strides toward enhanced governance and stability. The enactment of Resolution 2745 not only acknowledges CAR's progress in peacebuilding and governance but also opens avenues for greater sovereignty in military operations and international diplomacy.
- [Game-Changer: Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Mozambique Forge Historic Rail and Port Deal](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/historic-rail-and-port-deal/): On July 15, 2024, in Maputo, (Mozambique), Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Mozambique signed a transformative agreement to upgrade the Beira-Zimbabwe-Botswana railway system and construct a new deepwater port at Techobanine, Mozambique. This strategic infrastructure project aims to unlock vast economic potential in Southern Africa, enhancing connectivity and stimulating growth across the region. Botswana, rich in coal reserves, stands to benefit immensely from a reliable export pathway, while Mozambique and Zimbabwe will see improved trade logistics and reduced transportation costs, bolstering their economies.
- [Strategic Shifts in the Sahel: The Activation of the Confederation Treaty](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/strategic-shifts-in-the-sahel/): In a ground-breaking move that dramatically alters the geopolitical contours of West Africa, the military regimes of Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso have collectively forged the Confederation of Sahel States (AES). This pivotal alliance represents a significant shift away from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), underscoring a robust commitment to regional autonomy and deeper integration. This analysis aims to unravel the strategic objectives behind the AES’s formation, dissecting its military realignments, economic ambitions, and cultural initiatives.
- [Turning Point: Senegal’s Political Landscape](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/senegals-political-landscape/): In recent developments from Senegal, significant political events have unfolded in the lead-up to the country's presidential election, set for March 24, 2024. The release of opposition leaders Ousmane Sonko and Bassirou Diomaye Faye has invigorated the opposition and could potentially reshape the electoral landscape. Their freedom was celebrated by thousands in the streets, highlighting their influence and the deep political tensions within the country.
- [Political and Security Trends in the Sahel Region: A Comprehensive Analysis](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/political-and-security-trends-in-the-sahel-region/): To address the issue of Political and Security Trends in the Sahel Region well, we must ask the following questions and try to answer them:
- [A People-Centric Approach to Climate Action in Africa’s Resilience [2024]](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/people-centric-approach-to-climate-action/): In advocating for a people-centric approach to climate action, there is also a clear recognition of the need for collaborative efforts that span across different levels of governance, from local to international. Such collaboration is critical in ensuring that climate policies and initiatives are aligned with the needs and aspirations of local communities, and that they have the necessary support and resources to be successfully implemented. This includes ensuring access to climate finance, technology transfer, and capacity building for local communities and governments.
- [Regional Rift: Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger Exit ECOWAS](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/regional-rift-mali-burkina-faso-niger-exit-ecowas/): West African nations Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger have announced their withdrawal from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), citing "inhumane" sanctions imposed by the bloc to reverse coups in their countries.
- [Sudan Conflict Escalates Military Leader’s Departure Amidst Fifth Month Struggle](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/sudan-conflict/): Ongoing Sudan conflict intensifies as military leader's departure from capital revealed. Armed clashes and casualties rise in the fifth month.
- [Angola and Brazil agree to strengthen and relaunch cooperation](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/angola-and-brazil-agree-to-strengthen-and-relaunch-cooperation/): Angolan President Joao Lourenço welcomed his Brazilian counterpart Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva at the presidential Palace in Luanda on Thursday. The official state visit comes on the same day as the end of the BRICS Summit, where discussions of economic growth and expansion were the main items on the agenda. President Lourenço expressed hope for future cooperation with Brazil, suggesting it becomes a gateway to the Mercosur. "Given that Angola and Brazil temporarily hold the presidency of their respective regional organizations, I think it would be very important to prepare a high-level meeting between the two regional blocs to harmonize strong economic cooperation within the framework of our developments," said President Lourenço. At the BRICS Summit, the Brazilian president highlighted African countries' potential to produce their own food. "Africa has 65% of the world’s arable areas and a strong vocation to be an agricultural power, able to feed its peoples and provide solutions to global food security". After a joint decoration ceremony, the two leaders signed seven memorandums of understanding in the fields of tourism health, and agriculture, among others, to strengthen and relaunch the bilateral cooperation of almost five decades. Brazil’s chain of trade with Africa rose by 33.7% in 2022 amounting to nearly 21.5 billion dollars, compared to US$ 15.9 billion in 2021. "In the health sector, we have addressed two important aspects: we have strengthened the prevention policy, which has given rise to the treatment logic we have now received, and the country's first drugs factory will be imported in a consortium of three Brazilian companies," shared President Lula. The South American power is looking to expand its cooperation with the African continent. President Lula is set to end his African tour in São Tomé and Príncipe on Sunday, where he will attend the 14th Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries.
- [Elections in Gabon: President Bongo seeks third term](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/elections-in-gabon/): The Gabonese people are voting on Saturday to decide whether to give President Ali Bongo Ondimba a third term, against Albert Ondo Ossa, his most serious rival, behind whom most of the opposition has belatedly lined up. Fourteen contenders are vying for this presidential election, with just under 850,000 registered voters out of a population of 2.3 million also called upon to vote in the legislative and municipal elections, all in a single round of voting. At noon, dozens of voters were waiting outside polling stations in central Libreville, whose streets, decked out in the colors of the Bongo camp alone, were surprisingly almost deserted for a Saturday. These elections are taking place in the absence of foreign media, who have been refused accreditation or entry to the country, as Reporter sans Frontières (RSF) denounced on Friday, and without international observers, both African and European. Mr. Ondo Ossa promises to "oust" the president and his all-powerful Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG) from power through the ballot box, and to put an end to a "Bongo dynasty" that has been in power for over 55 years, which the opposition accuses of poor governance and "corruption". Ali Bongo, president for 14 years, was first elected in 2009 following the death of his father Omar Bongo Ondimba, who had ruled the country for over 41 years. By mid-morning, Mr. Ondo Ossa was already denouncing the "malice" of the opposition on his Facebook account, claiming that the ballot papers of five opposition candidates who had officially withdrawn in his favor were still present in some polling stations, or his own absent in others. When questioned, the Centre Gabonais des Elections (CGE), the body that organizes the polls, refused to reply and referred AFP to the officials in charge of the polling stations incriminated by the opposition for comment.
- [Russia and Wagner Enduring Presence in CAR: The Government Responses](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/russia-and-wagner-in-car/): Welcome to our blog post discussing the recent statement made by a senior official in the presidency of the Central African Republic (CAR) regarding Russia and Wagner's continued presence in the country.
- [Empowering Africa’s Economy: Unveiling the Power of 54+ (Part One)](https://afrostrategy.org/publication/africas-economy/): Africa's economy has witnessed significant growth and transformation in recent years, driven by various factors such as expanding trade, improved education and literacy rates, abundant resources, and a growing consumer class. Trade has played a pivotal role, with China, India, and the Group of Five countries emerging as crucial trade partners for Africa.

## Dossiers
- [Elections, Governance & Democratic Resilience](https://afrostrategy.org/dossier/elections-governance-democratic-resilience/): Elections, institutions, political competition and democratic resilience across African states.
- [Food Security & Climate Stress](https://afrostrategy.org/dossier/food-security-climate-stress/): Climate shocks, food systems, agricultural resilience and policy responses across vulnerable African economies.
- [Africa’s Sovereign Debt & Finance](https://afrostrategy.org/dossier/africa-sovereign-debt-finance/): Debt sustainability, development finance, capital markets and the changing architecture of African sovereign financing.
- [Horn of Africa Competition](https://afrostrategy.org/dossier/horn-africa-competition/): Ports, alliances, security competition and state rivalry across the Horn of Africa and adjacent maritime space.
- [Coups & Political Transitions in West Africa](https://afrostrategy.org/dossier/coups-political-transitions-west-africa/): Military takeovers, constitutional order, regional responses and the changing politics of West Africa.
- [Critical Minerals & Energy Transition](https://afrostrategy.org/dossier/critical-minerals-energy-transition/): Africa’s mineral resources, industrial policy and strategic position in the global energy transition.
- [China–Africa Strategic Relations](https://afrostrategy.org/dossier/china-africa-strategic-relations/): Infrastructure, trade, technology, diplomacy and the changing strategic character of China–Africa relations.
- [Red Sea Geopolitics](https://afrostrategy.org/dossier/red-sea-geopolitics/): A strategic dossier on maritime security, ports, trade routes and state competition surrounding the Red Sea.
- [Sudan War & Regional Spillovers](https://afrostrategy.org/dossier/sudan-war-regional-spillovers/): Analysis of Sudan’s war, humanitarian consequences, regional spillovers and the interests of neighboring and external powers.
- [The Sahel Security Crisis](https://afrostrategy.org/dossier/sahel-security-crisis/): A curated dossier tracking security deterioration, political transitions, regional responses and external competition across the Sahel.

## Content Blocks
- [Publication Single](https://afrostrategy.org/ct_content_block/publication-single/)